An engineering-informed voting ensemble framework for rapid seismic risk screening of reinforced concrete structures

parameters characterize local site conditions. Design spectral acceleration values are derived in accordance with the seismic codes applicable at the time of construction. To enhance physical interpretability, the model incorporates engineering-informed feature engineering, including interaction terms linking building height, construction period, and seismic demand. Model optimization prioritizes life safety by emphasizing recall over overall accuracy. The proposed framework achieves a recall of 88.9% on independent test data and zero false-negative predictions for high-rise reinforced-concrete buildings (≥ 6 storeys). Additional robustness analyses demonstrate stable performance under moderate data uncertainty. The results indicate that the proposed approach provides a reliable, interpretable, and safety-oriented decision-support tool for rapid seismic risk screening of reinforced concrete building inventories following major earthquakes.