Prospects for the use of 3D bioprinting and tissue engineering technologies in clinical otorhinolaryngology (literature review)

The article provides an overview of data on the prevalence, conservative, and surgical treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media, which remains one of the most common and socially significant diseases of the otorhinolaryngological structures, accompanied by a high frequency of complications and persistent hearing loss. The evolution of treatment methods is traced, and special attention is given to the prospects for the use of tissue engineering constructs and tissue engineering in general. The possibilities of creating three-layer grafts are highlighted, taking into account the achievements of scientific and technological progress. It has been shown that classical methods of surgical correction of defects of the eardrum, including the use of autografts (temporal fascia, cartilage), do not always allow to achieve a sustainable anatomical and functional result, especially in large and persistent perforations. There is a tendency of active development of the direction of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, allowing to create biocompatible grafts with specified properties, to introduce mesenchymal stem cells, as well as to use growth factors to stimulate reparative processes. The review analyzes data on the effectiveness of classical and innovative tympanoplasty methods, as well as the prospects for using 3D bioprinting, collagen matrices, and cellular technologies to restore the integrity of the eardrum. Special attention is paid to the results of clinical and experimental studies that demonstrate a significant increase in the frequency of successful closure of perforations when using tissue engineering constructs and growth factors compared to traditional methods. The article discusses unresolved issues related to the optimization of technologies, the standardization of protocols, and the need for further multicenter studies to widely implement innovative approaches in clinical practice.