The state of the art of oral lesions in HTLV-1 infection

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in several regions worldwide and is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations with complex and still poorly understood pathogenesis. Among the reported outcomes in people living with HTLV-1, oral alterations stand out due to their potential negative impact on quality of life. Here, we reviewed the literature on HTLV-1 oral outcomes through a structured narrative review conducted in accordance with the SANRA principles. The most frequently reported oral complications include xerostomia, hyposalivation, periodontal disease, and mucosal lesions, which are commonly associated with inflammatory processes and salivary gland dysfunction. These findings underscore the importance of oral health within the multidisciplinary care of individuals living with HTLV-1, highlighting the need for preventive and therapeutic strategies that enhance overall well-being. Nevertheless, significant gaps remain in the literature, underscoring the need to expand research efforts, strengthen professional training, and increase awareness regarding oral care in this population.