The architecture of salt tolerance: a multi-scale view of sodium transport in plants.

balance. This approach reveals key differences in how dicotyledons (Arabidopsis thaliana) and monocotyledons (Oryza sativa) regulate ion levels. This review also highlights the significance of subcellular localization and endomembrane trafficking of ion transporters, which determine transporter density and stability. By connecting cellular-level mechanisms to tissue-level organization, our synthesis tackles a pressing question in agriculture and biology: how do plants coordinate ion movement across different spatial domains to survive in saline environments? This integrated perspective offers mechanistic insights for research and supports the development of saline-resilient crops.