Vascular and Wound-Healing Implications of Single-Stage Versus Multistage Repair of Anorectal Malformations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND: Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are managed using either single-stage or multistage surgical repair. However, concerns persist regarding wound-related complications and long-term functional outcomes, which remain inconsistently reported across surgical approaches. OBJECTIVE: To compare wound-related complications and long-term functional outcomes following single-stage versus multistage repair of ARMs, with emphasis on wound perfusion, dehiscence, and vascular healing dynamics. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD420251006245). PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2024 comparing single-stage and staged ARM repair in neonates and infants. Outcomes included wound dehiscence, surgical site infection (SSI), stenosis, prolapse, redo surgery, constipation, soiling, and voluntary bowel movements. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS). RESULTS: < 0.0001), while no significant differences were observed for SSI, stenosis, prolapse, redo surgery, constipation, soiling, or voluntary bowel movements. Moderate to high heterogeneity was noted for selected outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Single-stage repair provides comparable infection rates and long-term functional outcomes to multistage surgery but carries an increased risk of wound dehiscence. Optimizing tissue perfusion and minimizing tension are essential to improve outcomes.