Chandipura Virus: “The Silent Threat Emerging in India’s Viral Landscape”

Abstract Chandipura virus (CHPV) has reemerged as a serious human pathogen related with acute encephalitis outbreaks. CHPV infection has been detected in various parts of Western, Central, and South India. In India, from June to August 2024, there were 245 reported cases of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) with 82 deaths and 64 confirmed cases of CHPV; being the largest outbreak in the recent times. Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia species of sandflies have been identified as potential vectors. The virus has been detected in the whole blood and/or CSF of patients using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, apart from detecting IgM and IgG by ELISA. No specific treatment is available and management relies on symptomatic care and vector control. Surveillance of AES cases across 36 States/UTs is implemented through Integrated Disease Surveillance Program of the Government of India. Awareness programs on the management of CHPV should be conducted for healthcare workers, especially where the disease has been endemic. Education programs on CHPV should be streamed in the media and rural areas. Vector control is essential to prevent the infection. Hence, a collaborative, “One Health approach” is necessary for prevention and control. Moreover, research efforts are focused on developing diagnostics, vaccines, and antivirals, with two potential vaccines awaiting clinical trials.