Emerging digital platforms for precise and ultrasensitive biosensing

Digital biosensing has emerged as an irreplaceable, ultrasensitive biosensing method across research and clinical diagnosis. The frontier leap achieved by partitioning target molecules into individual units, reaching single-molecule-level sensitivity, pioneers a new biosensing direction. This review summarizes the fundamental principles, the biosensing performance, the methodological limitations, and the future opportunities of emerging digital platforms integrated with different signal output modes, particularly including fluorescence, Raman scattering, electrochemistry, and particle motion.