Impact of magnetic field direction and Joule heating on Marangoni convection of hybrid-nanofluid in a cavity with entropy generation

Purpose This study aims to investigate numerically the magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) Marangoni convection of a hybrid nanofluid in an open cavity, considering Joule heating and entropy generation (EG) effects. The study also examines how the angle of the magnetic field and Joule heating affect stream and heat transfer. Design/methodology/approach The hybrid nanofluid, composed of multiple nanoparticles in a base fluid, influences the flow and thermal behavior within the cavity. EG is analyzed to identify system irreversibility and optimize thermal efficiency. The horizontal boundaries of the cavity are considered to be adiabatic and thermally insulated. Findings Results indicate that an increased magnetic field reduces heat transfer due to the Lorentz force, while Joule heating can enhance heat transfer under specific conditions. The addition of hybrid nanofluid improves heat transfer, though excessive nanoparticle concentration may increase EG. When changing the direction from horizontal to vertical, the average heat transfer rate gets up to a 30% increment. Research limitations/implications The flow is laminar and incompressible. Practical implications These insights aid in contributing to the development of more efficient thermal systems and optimizing thermal energy management with applications in various industries such as electronics cooling, cooling of buildings and engines, renewable energy technologies and manufacturing processes. Originality/value The uniqueness in this research is the study of the effects of Joule heating, direction of magnetic field and EG on MHD Marangoni convection of a hybrid nanofluid in an open cavity. The obtained results are unique and valuable, and they can be used in various fields of technology.