Ultrasound Pretreatment and Microwave‐Assisted Hydrodistillation for the Extraction of <i>Pinus pumila</i> Needle Essential Oil: Rich in Terpenoids and High Bioactivity

emissions. GC-MS analysis further demonstrated that the terpenoid content of PNEO extracted by UP-MAH reached 96.03%, which was 10.44% higher than that obtained by HD (85.59%). In addition, PNEO extracted by UP-MAH exhibited stronger antifungal activity against multiple Fusarium species. These results provide a green, efficient, and novel approach for the extraction of high-quality essential oils from structurally dense and oil-rich plant materials.