Beyond the surface: A critical analysis of superficial differentiation and the pursuit of purposeful and meaningful inclusion in mainstream schools

Abstract Inclusion within mainstream education is widely promoted with optimism, yet its enactment frequently falls short of its intent. While many schools adopt differentiated instruction to support diverse learners, such approaches can become superficial, focusing on cosmetic adjustments rather than deep, systemic change. This article critically examines the gap between superficial differentiation and purposeful, meaningful inclusion in school settings. Drawing on theoretical foundations such as Universal Design for Learning and Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory, the article argues that inclusion must move beyond technical accommodations to embrace a holistic approach that values student identity, agency and authentic participation. It highlights common practices that inadvertently reinforce exclusion under the guise of inclusion, including over‐reliance on generic accommodations and reactive interventions. The discussion identifies key principles underpinning meaningful inclusion, including collaborative planning, responsive curricula and leadership that prioritises equity and shared responsibility, while also examining persistent challenges such as limited professional learning, systemic inertia and fragmented understandings of inclusion. While not presenting the full framework in detail, the article introduces a proposed Inclusive Support Framework (ISF) as a structured, practice‐informed response to this challenge. These insights aim to support educators, Special Education Needs Coordinator (SENCO) and school leaders in developing more intentional and sustainable inclusive practices, contributing to learning environments where all students are not only present but genuinely engaged and valued.