Differential Responses of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and S. infantis to Chlorine Dioxide In Vitro: Impacts on Growth and Biofilm Development

Salmonella enterica is a significant Gram-negative bacterium possessing over 2500 serovars capable of affecting both animals and humans and disseminating widely due to its adaptability, genetic diversity, and ability to form biofilms. Different serovars, such as S. enterica Typhimurium (ST), Enteritidis (SE), and Infantis (SI), display varying traits and survival strategies in harsh environments. Biofilms, composed of proteins, lipids, and DNA, enable bacteria to survive stresses such as pH changes, nutrient shortages, temperature fluctuations, and disinfectants. Evaluating disinfectants on inert surfaces is crucial for understanding their effectiveness and impact on poultry. This study assessed the efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) disinfectant against ST, SE, and SI growth, biofilm formation, and biofilm removal at varying concentrations in vitro. Results showed serotype-dependent and condition-specific responses, with SE and SI being more affected than ST, which may be associated with differences in oxidative stress response mechanisms, highlighting the need for tailored disinfection protocols.