Epstein–Barr virus receptors: classification, functional mechanisms, and pathogenic implications

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widely prevalent γ-herpesvirus that primarily infects human B cells and epithelial cells. It is closely associated with the development of various lymphomas and epithelial cancers, posing a significant threat to human life and health. The infection process of EBV relies on interactions between the virus and specific receptors on the surface of host cells, including CD21, NRP1, EphA2, and, more recently, discovered receptors such as R9AP and DSC2. Currently, no specific drugs targeting EBV have been developed, making further research on EBV receptors particularly crucial. This review summarizes the classification, structural characteristics, and molecular mechanisms of the EBV receptors identified to date and compares the differential pathways through which these receptors function in B cells and epithelial cells. Furthermore, this review discusses the potential applications of targeting EBV receptors in antiviral therapy, vaccine development, and cancer immunotherapy, while addressing the limitations of current research and future directions. The aim is to broaden the scope of future research in the field of EBV receptors and provide new perspectives for the prevention and treatment of EBV-associated diseases.