Approximation to the phylogenetic position and morphological variability of Levanderina fissa in Acapulco Bay, with observations on diatom feeding behaviour

Levanderina fissa , a globally distributed mixotrophic dinoflagellate, is known for its ability to photosynthesize and phagocytize micro-organisms. This study aims to approximate the phylogenetic position and explore the morphological variability of L. fissa in Acapulco Bay, Mexico, while providing observations on its diatom feeding behaviour. Phylogenetic analysis based on 28S and 18S ribosomal DNA sequences suggests the existence of a monophyletic group within the Gymnodiniales, though with low phylogenetic resolution, indicating potential cryptic species within the genus. Morphological analysis reveals variability that may be influenced by regional environmental factors. Observations on diatom ingestion provide further, albeit limited, insights into the mixotrophic behaviour of L. fissa . These findings emphasize the need for further research to better understand the species’ ecological role and phylogenetic position, particularly concerning its feeding strategies in tropical ecosystems.