Association between depression and hearing loss symptoms among middle-aged and older population: panel data analysis of three longitudinal cohort studies

This study investigates the association between self-reported hearing loss and depression among middle-aged and older adults across three countries' longitudinal cohorts. Using data from CHARLS, HRS, and ELSA, we analyzed hearing status (excellent to poor) and depressive symptoms (assessed via CES-D scales). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) models adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health factors were applied. Analysis across three cohorts (CHARLS, HRS, ELSA) consistently demonstrated a significant positive association between self-reported hearing status and depression risk. In the multivariable-adjusted model (Model 3), individuals with fair hearing exhibited a significantly elevated risk of depressive symptoms compared to those with good hearing (CHARLS: OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02,1.17; HRS: OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.13,1.22; ELSA: OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04,1.17). The risk further increased among those with poor hearing, with OR values of 1.52 (95% CI 1.44,1.62), 1.64 (95% CI 1.57,1.72), and 1.55 (95% CI 1.44,1.67), respectively. Hearing loss is consistently associated with increased depression risk in varied cultural contexts, underscoring the need for early screening and intervention in aging populations. • Hearing loss significantly increases depression risk in middle-aged and older adults across three countries. • Early hearing screening and intervention may reduce depression incidence in aging populations. • Poor hearing showed stronger association with depression (OR 1.52–1.64) than fair hearing (OR 1.09–1.17). • Longitudinal data from CHARLS, HRS, and ELSA cohorts were analyzed using GEE models. • Dose-response relationship exists between hearing loss severity and depression risk.