Motivation in physically demanding military roles: A qualitative study using self-determination theory

Drawing on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study examines how motivational processes are shaped through the interaction between long-term goal orientation and feedback in physically demanding and hierarchical military environments. The study draws on semi-structured interviews with fifteen women who have held physically demanding positions in the Swedish Armed Forces. The material was analyzed using an abductive thematic approach informed by SDT. The findings indicate that motivation emerges as a dynamic and relational process rather than a stable individual state. While long-term goal orientation provides direction and continuity, the relational quality of feedback plays a central role in shaping how motivation develops over time. Feedback is interpreted in relation to the perceived legitimacy of the sender, as well as tone, timing, and intent. To capture this process, the study develops the concept of responsive reciprocity, describing the relational mechanism through which feedback influences motivation in sender - recipient interactions. How feedback affects motivation is closely linked to perceptions of the sender's competence, respect, and trustworthiness. When reciprocity is present, feedback can be accepted, translated into effort, and support continued motivation. When it is absent, feedback risks undermining need satisfaction and making motivation more fragile. The study contributes to research on military motivation by showing how SDT's needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are enacted in everyday practice within hierarchical performance environments and by highlighting implications for leadership and feedback practices in physically demanding contexts.