Daily temperature fluctuation exacerbates phenanthrene toxicity in Enchytraeus albidus: Links between membrane remodeling, lipid reserves, and reproduction

as DTF amplitude increased, while internal PHE did not differ significantly among DTF regimes. Membrane phospholipid unsaturation and storage lipid reserves were reduced as PHE concentration and DTF amplitude increased. Correlation analysis further showed that variation in the number of juveniles was significantly associated with changes in membrane phospholipid unsaturation and storage lipid reserves, and their response patterns were generally consistent across treatments. Overall, by linking variation in the number of juveniles with concurrent changes in membrane phospholipids and storage lipids, these results provide possible mechanistic insight into how intensified DTF modulates PHE toxicity and further emphasize the need to explicitly consider DTF in risk assessment under climate change.