Does leisure activity matter for epigenetic ageing? Analyses of arts engagement and physical activity in the UK Household Longitudinal Study

Abstract Background and Objectives Over the past decade, ageing clocks have become widely adopted as important tools for understanding biological ageing and have been redefining notions of “pro-longevity” lifestyles. However, this work is still at an early stage. Some leisure activities, such as arts and cultural engagement (ACEng) have never been studied at all, while others, such as physical activity (PA), have only received scant attention. Research Design and Methods This study used data from 3,556 adults (2010-2012) in the UK Household Longitudinal Study, a large, nationally-representative cohort study, which includes seven derived epigenetic clocks. We used a doubly robust estimation using the inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment estimator adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, data collection gaps, and technical covariates of epigenetic clocks. Results ACEng and PA were related to slower epigenetic ageing in the PhenoAge, DunedinPoAm and DunedinPACE clocks, although not to the other measured clocks (Lin, Horvath2018, Horvath2013 and Hannum), with comparable effect sizes between ACEng and PA. Evidence was consistently found across different measures of engagement, including diversity and frequency for ACEng, as well as frequency, diversity, and activeness for PA. These results were generally stronger amongst middle-aged and older adults aged 40 or above. Discussion and Implications Our study provides the first evidence that ACEng, a much more recently recognised health behaviour, is related to epigenetic ageing, with magnitudes comparable to PA. These findings position ACEng as a potential contributor to healthy ageing at the biological level, supporting its inclusion in public health strategies.