Bimetallic aluminum lanthanum modified coffee husk derived nanobiochar for nitrate adsorptive removal: kinetics and isothermal studies

= 0.979), which implies that physisorption is the primary mechanism of adsorption. The thermodynamic study also suggests that the NO₃⁻ adsorption is spontaneous and endothermic in its nature because it has negative ∆G°, positive ∆H°, and ∆S° values. Notably, when tested on real wastewater from the Akaki River in Addis Ababa, the adsorbent maintained a maximum NO₃⁻ removal efficiency of 96.60% in the presence of other competing ions.