Metal-Organic Frameworks for Atmospheric Water Harvesting: From Material Design to Practical Applications

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is a promising approach to alleviating water shortages in arid and water-scarce regions. Metalorganic framework materials (MOFs) have become leading adsorption materials in the AWH field due to their controllable pore structure and strong affinity for water molecules at low relative humidity. This article provides an overview of the development history of MOFs for AWH, with a focus on the most advanced materials such as MOF-303 and MOF-801. Their structural characteristics, water adsorption mechanism and regeneration behaviours were systematically discussed. The latest improvement strategies such as multi-ligand substitution and ligand extension design, were highlighted to demonstrate the rational regulation of channel hydrophilicity, water absorption capacity and energy efficiency. In addition, a brief review was conducted on the development of green synthetic routes and their potential applications in desert water supply, urban and industrial systems, as well as medical and military scenarios. Finally, the key challenges and future development directions of the MOF-based AWH system in largescale application were summarized.