Nanoengineered bile acid-mediated orchestration of versatile immuno-microbial cues for treating periodontitis

lymphocytes, and upregulating regulatory T cells. Concomitantly, this immunomodulation is associated with the restoration of periodontal microbiome homeostasis, contributing to a reduction in pathogens and an enrichment of beneficial flora. In addition, PDCA not only rescues inflammatory tissue destructions in both therapeutic and prophylactic mouse models of periodontitis, but also elicits robust decrement in pro-inflammatory cytokine production in ex vivo human periodontitis tissues. This work highlights polydopamine-based bile acid nanomedicine as a microenvironment-targeting platform for immuno-microbial rebalance, offering a transformative strategy to treat oral inflammatory diseases.