The lifetime of 100,000 molecular clouds in the nearby Universe

Multiple mechanisms are proposed for the formation of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) --- from gravitational free-fall caused by self-gravity, to stellar feedback-driven gas compression. Both the galactic environment and galaxy conditions could play an additional role in enhancing the formation via their gas surface density and star formation activity. In this paper, we make use of a catalog of 108,466 GMCs identified by F770W PHANGS-JWST imaging across 66 galaxies at a homogenized resolution of 30 pc. We measure the mass spectra in various galactic regions, whose power-law slopes vary from -1.2 to -2.0. We then estimate the formation time of each cloud using a model in which GMCs form by multiple feedback compression, and find that clouds with masses łe 10^ 5 , , form in 20 Myr on average, and more massive clouds (∼ 10^ 6-7 take up to 100 Myr. We also find that cloud formation proceeds most rapidly in the central regions of galaxies, with formation timescales that are typically shorter by ∼ 5-10 Myr compared to galactic disks. This effect is most pronounced in central molecular zones with enhanced star formation. This highlights the role of intense massive star formation, high molecular gas surface densities, and strong supersonic compressions in accelerating cloud formation. However, star formation is generally inefficient as the cloud lifetime is ∼ 1,% of the molecular depletion time. The formation time of clouds is ∼ 0.1 dex longer than the free-fall time. This hints that magnetic fields, stellar feedback, or other mechanisms may prolong their formation instead of immediate free-fall collapse. This indicates a longevity of massive GMCs. The GMC ages also show only limited variation with galactocentric radius in both spiral and disk galaxies, suggesting that cloud formation proceeds similarly in these galaxy types.