Bioactive Compounds and Therapeutic Potential of Plant Buds: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives of Gemmotherapy

Gemmotherapy is a branch of phytotherapy based on the use of extracts derived from plant meristematic tissues, including buds, young shoots, and sprouts. Due to their embryonic nature and high metabolic activity, these tissues constitute a concentrated source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, phytohormones, amino acids, vitamins, and enzymes. The unique phytochemical profile of bud extracts, together with synergistic interactions within the phytocomplex, contributes to their enhanced biological activity compared to mature plant materials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on the chemical composition, extraction technologies, and biological properties of gemmotherapeutic preparations. Particular attention is given to both traditional and modern extraction methods, including glycerin maceration and pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction, as well as factors affecting the quality and variability of the obtained extracts. Available evidence indicates that gemmotherapeutic preparations exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. These properties suggest their potential application as supportive agents in the management of chronic inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and infections, as well as in functional foods and natural cosmetics. However, the lack of standardized production protocols, variability of raw materials, and limited clinical evidence remain significant challenges. Further research focusing on advanced analytical techniques, metabolomic profiling, and clinical validation is essential for the integration of gemmotherapy into evidence-based medicine.