Spatially Adaptive Arch‐Cantilever Hybridized Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self‐Powered Sensing in AI‐Enhanced Wireless Arrhythmia Monitoring

ABSTRACT In contemporary healthcare paradigms, heart rate sensors are essential for monitoring cardiac rhythms and facilitating immediate responses during emergencies. Conventional wearable sensors present challenges regarding inaccuracy and inconvenience, whereas implantable sensors encounter energy constraints. To address these limitations, a self‐powered implantable triboelectric nanogenerator (iTENG) is proposed as a real‐time heart rate sensor integrated into a wireless arrhythmia diagnosis system. The proposed iTENG exhibits highly precise frequency‐sensing capability and a spontaneous spatial inducing structure. These features render it particularly suitable for continuous heart rate monitoring in implantable biomedical systems. An arch‐cantilever hybridized structure and nanospike‐structured zinc ferrite (ZnFe 2 O 4 ) are employed in the iTENG to enhance in vivo energy harvesting. The arch‐cantilever hybridization increases output power by 2.5 times compared to the arch‐only structure. Separately, the incorporation of ZnFe 2 O 4 results in a 105.8% elevation in open‐circuit voltage ( V OC ) and a 110.6% augmentation in short‐circuit current ( I SC ) compared to the pristine material. Furthermore, a power management circuit enables a 4.55× voltage reduction and a 176× current increase in the iTENG. The iTENG‐based system utilizes K‐means clustering for accurate cardiac monitoring and arrhythmia diagnosis, achieving a limit of detection of 0.005 Hz and a 1.36% error rate at 0.1 Hz frequency resolution.