Perturbations of Cauchy differences

Abstract This paper investigates functional equations arising from perturbations of Cauchy differences. We study equations of the form $$ f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)=B(x,y) \quad \text {or} \quad f(xy)-f(x)f(y) = B(x,y) $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>or</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> where B is a biadditive mapping, and also more general cases where the inhomogeneity depends on unknown functions $$\begin{aligned} f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)&amp;= \alpha x y \ f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)&amp;= \alpha (x y)\ f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)&amp;= \alpha (x)\alpha (y). \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Our results extend previous work on the bilinearity of the Cauchy exponential difference by Alzer and Matkowski. We characterize solutions under various structural and regularity assumptions, including additive and exponential Cauchy differences, and show that solutions often reduce to additive functions, exponential polynomials, or combinations thereof. For Levi-Civita type equations, we provide explicit representations of solutions in terms of additive and exponential components. Furthermore, we determine conditions under which real-valued solutions exist and describe their forms. The paper concludes with open problems concerning generalized equations that cannot be solved by the methods presented here, suggesting directions for future research.

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Journal
Aequationes Mathematicae
Published
2026-05-11
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00010-026-01294-6
Primary Topic
Functional Equations Stability Results
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Perturbations of Cauchy differences

Tomasz Małolepszy, Eszter Gselmann, Janusz Matkowski
Aequationes Mathematicae
Functional Equations Stability Results
article

Perturbations of Cauchy differences

Tomasz Małolepszy, Eszter Gselmann, Janusz Matkowski
article en

Abstract

Abstract This paper investigates functional equations arising from perturbations of Cauchy differences. We study equations of the form $$ f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)=B(x,y) \quad \text {or} \quad f(xy)-f(x)f(y) = B(x,y) $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>or</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> where B is a biadditive mapping, and also more general cases where the inhomogeneity depends on unknown functions $$\begin{aligned} f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)&amp;= \alpha x y \ f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)&amp;= \alpha (x y)\ f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)&amp;= \alpha (x)\alpha (y). \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Our results extend previous work on the bilinearity of the Cauchy exponential difference by Alzer and Matkowski. We characterize solutions under various structural and regularity assumptions, including additive and exponential Cauchy differences, and show that solutions often reduce to additive functions, exponential polynomials, or combinations thereof. For Levi-Civita type equations, we provide explicit representations of solutions in terms of additive and exponential components. Furthermore, we determine conditions under which real-valued solutions exist and describe their forms. The paper concludes with open problems concerning generalized equations that cannot be solved by the methods presented here, suggesting directions for future research.

Aequationes MathematicaeVol. 100(3)
University of Debrecen (HU), University of Zielona Góra (PL)
Magyar Tudományos Akadémia
Openalex Percentile: Top 4%
Functional Equations Stability Results
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