Perturbations of Cauchy differences
Abstract This paper investigates functional equations arising from perturbations of Cauchy differences. We study equations of the form $$ f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)=B(x,y) \quad \text {or} \quad f(xy)-f(x)f(y) = B(x,y) $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>or</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> where B is a biadditive mapping, and also more general cases where the inhomogeneity depends on unknown functions $$\begin{aligned} f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)&= \alpha x y \ f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)&= \alpha (x y)\ f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)&= \alpha (x)\alpha (y). \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Our results extend previous work on the bilinearity of the Cauchy exponential difference by Alzer and Matkowski. We characterize solutions under various structural and regularity assumptions, including additive and exponential Cauchy differences, and show that solutions often reduce to additive functions, exponential polynomials, or combinations thereof. For Levi-Civita type equations, we provide explicit representations of solutions in terms of additive and exponential components. Furthermore, we determine conditions under which real-valued solutions exist and describe their forms. The paper concludes with open problems concerning generalized equations that cannot be solved by the methods presented here, suggesting directions for future research.
Authors
- Tomasz Małolepszy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-680X)
- Eszter Gselmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1708-2570)
- Janusz Matkowski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0011-0579)
Institutions
- University of Debrecen (HU)
- University of Zielona Góra (PL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Aequationes Mathematicae
- Published
- 2026-05-11
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00010-026-01294-6
- Primary Topic
- Functional Equations Stability Results
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia