Effectiveness of Advanced Physiotherapy Interventions in the Management of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a prevalent menstrual disorder characterised by painful uterine contractions in the absence of pelvic pathology. Affecting a significant proportion of reproductive-age women, its impact on quality of life and functional capacity is profound. While pharmacological treatments such as NSAIDs and oral contraceptives are standard, their associated side effects and contraindications drive the need for effective non-pharmacological alternatives. Objectives: This literature review aimed to identify and analyse the effectiveness of advanced physiotherapy interventions available for managing primary dysmenorrhea, assessing the quality of evidence, and summarising the outcomes regarding pain relief and quality of life. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar for Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews published between 2019 and 2023. Articles were selected based on the PICO framework, focusing on advanced physiotherapy interventions, primary dysmenorrhea, pain severity, and quality of life. Results: Six key advanced interventions were identified: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), Kinesio taping, Sprint interval exercise (HIIT), High-intensity and low-level LASER therapy, Thermotherapy (microwave therapy), and Osteopathic uterus manipulation. Evidence from high-quality studies indicated that these strategies effectively reduced pain intensity and improved functional outcomes. Specifically, Kinesio taping provided fascial correction, TENS outperformed placebo and educational interventions, and sprint exercises modulated hormonal and inflammatory markers. Conclusion: Advanced physiotherapy strategies provide effective, non-invasive alternatives or adjuncts to conventional treatments. The findings support the integration of these specialised techniques into clinical practice to enhance the holistic management of menstrual pain.