CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AS A COMPLICATION LEADING TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: CLINICAL SIGNS, EARLY DIAGNOSIS, AND PREVENTION

Cardiovascular diseases, particularly chronic heart failure, play a significant role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and constitute type 2 cardiorenal syndrome. According to Global Burden of Disease study data, chronic kidney disease ranks as the 9th leading cause of death worldwide, associated with 1.48 million deaths annually, and occupies the 12th position in terms of years lived with disability. In patients with CKD, the rate of cardiovascular complications and mortality can reach 40–50%. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease developing as a complication of cardiovascular diseases, the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiorenal syndrome, its association with diabetes mellitus, methods of early diagnosis, and modern preventive measures.