Metal-Organic Frameworks in Biomedical Applications: Drug Delivery, Medical Imaging, and Biosensing

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their nanoscale counterparts (NMOFs) represent a transformative class of hybrid porous materials that have rapidly ascended to the forefront of biomedical research. Their unique confluence of structural and chemical properties renders them exceptionally versatile platforms for advanced therapeutic and diagnostic applications. This comprehensive review critically examines and synthesizes recent, groundbreaking progress in three pivotal biomedical domains: intelligent drug delivery systems, multimodal medical imaging, and high-performance electrochemical biosensors. I delve into the fundamental structure-property relationships that underpin MOF functionality, showcasing how rational design at the molecular and nanoscale levels enables the creation of stimuli-responsive carriers for targeted therapy, integrated contrast agents for multi-technique diagnostics, and sensitive interfaces for biomarker detection. By analyzing exemplary studies, from pH-sensitive, self-indicating drug carriers to theranostic nanoprobes capable of simultaneous imaging and treatment, this article elucidates the convergent advantages and design principles of MOF-based technologies. Furthermore, I provide a balanced discussion on the persistent translational challenges-such as long-term biocompatibility, scalable synthesis, and in vivo fate-and propose informed perspectives on future research directions. The continuous convergence of coordination chemistry, materials science, and biology firmly positions engineered MOFs as cornerstone materials for the development of next-generation precision nanomedicine and point-of-care diagnostic platforms.