The Legal Framework of Land Regulation in Mongolia and Issues of Territorial Security

This article examines the relationship between the legal regulation of land in Mongolia and territorial security from doctrinal, historical, and systemic perspectives. In modern legal theory, territorial integrity constitutes a fundamental element of statehood and a core component of national security. However, the legal regulation of land in Mongolia is often approached primarily as a matter of property and resource management, with limited attention to its implications for sovereignty and territorial security. The purpose of this study is to analyze the existing legal framework governing land relations in Mongolia and to assess its impact on territorial security. The research applies a qualitative legal methodology based on doctrinal analysis of primary legal sources, including the Constitution, land-related legislation, and national security policy documents, complemented by historical analysis and elements of comparative and systemic reasoning. The findings reveal that, although Mongolia has established a comprehensive legal framework regulating land relations, the coexistence of multiple laws and administrative acts has resulted in overlaps, inconsistencies, and regulatory gaps. These deficiencies weaken the effectiveness of the unified land fund system and may undermine coherent land governance. Furthermore, the expansion of private land ownership, while reflecting economic and legal development, raises challenges in balancing individual property rights with the protection of territorial integrity and national security interests. This article contributes to the literature by conceptualizing land regulation not merely as a domain of property law, but as a strategic legal mechanism directly linked to sovereignty and territorial security. It argues that improving the coherence of land legislation, strengthening the governance of the unified land fund, and aligning land ownership policies with national security objectives are essential for safeguarding Mongolia’s territorial integrity and long-term national interests.