Sustainable Clay-Based Nanocomposites for Algal Toxin Remediation

This review highlights recent advances in clay-based nanocomposites for the remediation of algal toxins in aquatic environments. Particular emphasis is placed on hybrid materials derived from clay mineral nanoparticles with diverse morphologies that exhibit high efficiency in the adsorption and removal of cyanobacterial toxins, including microcystins, anatoxins, and motuporin. Owing to their large specific surface area, structural versatility, and tunable surface chemistry, clay minerals provide an effective platform for the design of functional nanocomposites capable of enhancing toxin capture and degradation. Recent developments in clay-integrated treatment systems are discussed.