Roles of Non-coding RNAs in Aging and Translational Applications

Aging is a complex process driven by genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs, form a key epigenetic layer regulating aging by modulating telomere maintenance, DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, stem cell exhaustion, and inflammatory senescence. Here, we review core aging pathways and the lncRNA-miRNA-circRNA interaction networks, comparing evidence from cellular, animal, and early clinical studies. Representative targets (e.g., TERRA, ANRIL, H19, miR-34a, circFOXO3) are discussed for their potential indications, intervention strategies, and translational challenges, including delivery and safety. NcRNAs are central regulators of aging and potential targets for anti-aging nucleic acid therapies, though clinical translation is limited by target specificity, delivery efficiency, and long-term safety. This review provides a concise framework for understanding ncRNA-mediated aging and guiding future precision interventions.