Simulation Model and Intelligent Optimization Methods for Freight Transportation Under the Digital Transformation of the Transport System of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Background: In the context of the digital transformation of transport systems and the increasing complexity of logistics flows, the role of intelligent route forming methods capable of accounting for the spatial structure of transport networks, time constraints and resource limitations is growing. This issue is particularly relevant for the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is characterized by a vast territory, a distributed network of transport nodes and significant transit potential. Methods: This article presents an integrated model for the intelligent optimization of freight transportation based on the combined use of the Google OR-Tools library and simulation modeling in the AnyLogic environment with the application of geographic information technologies. The main variants of vehicle routing problems are implemented, including VRPTW, CVRP, and MDVRP. Results: The developed model enables both identification of optimal routes and simulation of their execution in a dynamic environment, forming the basis for a digital twin of the transport system. Experimental studies demonstrate the impact of time constraints, capacity limitations, and spatial structure on routing solutions. Conclusions: The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach for logistics flow distribution in a distributed transport system and its potential for decision support in the digital transport sector.