Advances in ORR Metal and Non-metal Catalysts at the Anode of PEMFCs

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are distinguished by their high efficiency, zero emissions, high power density, and rapid start-up capability. But here’ s the problem: the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is really slow, and that seriously holds back the overall performance of PEMFCs and their ability to be used commercially. Since ORR catalysts are the key materials that control how fast this reaction goes, they’ve become a major focus of research all over the world. This review systematicly shows the latest progress in ORR catalysts for PEMFCs. First of all, briefly explain the basic reaction mechanisms of ORR in acidic media, as well as the key indicators for evaluating performance. Then, show details about the strategies to improve their performance, like adjusting the electronic structure, designing their morphology and pore structure, engineering interfaces, and optimizing their synthesis process. Finally, current challenges like poor long-term stability and high costs for large-scale production are analysed in the review. Besides, list and analyse the future research directions and prospects for industrial application. All in all, this work aims to provide a timely, systematic reference to help with the rational design, development, and application of high-performance ORR catalysts for PEMFCs.