Effect of Impurities on Direct Recycling of Spent LiNi <sub> <i>x</i> </sub> Co <sub> <i>y</i> </sub> Mn <sub> <i>z</i> </sub> O <sub>2</sub> Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

species exhibit a minimal structural impact. In-depth structural analysis reveals that F-inclusion proceeds via substitution of lattice oxygen, causing increased structural disorder. Al-inclusion most likely involves epitaxial crystal growth promoted by excess lithium salts, resulting in structural asymmetry at elevated inclusion levels. Electrochemical evaluation shows that low-level impurity inclusion has a negligible effect on initial capacity. Yet, impurity accumulation, potentially amplified over repeated recycling, markedly compromises capacity recovery and structural integrity. This work clarifies impurity-induced effects during regeneration and highlights the importance of impurity control for enabling sustainable and effective direct recycling.

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Publication Details

Journal
ACS Nano
Published
2026-05-10
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c22606
Primary Topic
Extraction and Separation Processes
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
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article

Effect of Impurities on Direct Recycling of Spent LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Vanessa Trouillet, Subhajit Nandy, Thomas Bergfeldt, Ramon Zimmermanns et al.
ACS Nano
Extraction and Separation Processes
article

Effect of Impurities on Direct Recycling of Spent LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Vanessa Trouillet, Subhajit Nandy, Thomas Bergfeldt, Ramon Zimmermanns, Liuda Mereacre, Shuaiwei Liu, Michael Knapp, Alexander Missyul, Sylvio Indris, Helmut Ehrenberg, Arseniy Bokov
article en

Abstract

species exhibit a minimal structural impact. In-depth structural analysis reveals that F-inclusion proceeds via substitution of lattice oxygen, causing increased structural disorder. Al-inclusion most likely involves epitaxial crystal growth promoted by excess lithium salts, resulting in structural asymmetry at elevated inclusion levels. Electrochemical evaluation shows that low-level impurity inclusion has a negligible effect on initial capacity. Yet, impurity accumulation, potentially amplified over repeated recycling, markedly compromises capacity recovery and structural integrity. This work clarifies impurity-induced effects during regeneration and highlights the importance of impurity control for enabling sustainable and effective direct recycling.

ACS Nano
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE), ALBA Synchrotron (Spain) (ES), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY (DE), Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (DE), Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique (MA)
China Scholarship Council
Responsible consumption and production
Openalex Percentile: Top 8%
Extraction and Separation Processes
DOISourceOpenAlex
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Effect of Impurities on Direct Recycling of Spent LiNi <sub> <i>x</i> </sub> Co <sub> <i>y</i> </sub> Mn <sub> <i>z</i> </sub> O <sub>2</sub> Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries — Vanessa Trouillet, Subhajit Nandy, et al. · ACS Nano (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS