Factors influencing tree-fruit growers’ perceptions of IPM implementation in the eastern United States

Abstract Modern Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines technology, business, and sustainability. However, since IPM was initially introduced during the 1970s, its adoption continues to vary due to economic and educational factors. While quantitative studies have documented IPM adoption trends, far fewer have qualitatively examined how adopters themselves perceive the benefits and constraints of IPM implementation. This study draws on seven focus groups ( N = 82) with tree-fruit growers in the eastern United States to investigate the perceived benefits and challenges of sustained IPM adoption. Findings revealed growers’ perceptions of IPM adoption advantages could be broken down into two themes: perceived efficiency gains from flexible applications and eco-conscious management approaches . Simultaneously, perceived challenges affecting sustained adoption were identified in two emerging themes: the economics of effective IPM and the continual need to adapt due to uncontrollable pressures that reduce desirability. This study highlights that a complex interplay of technical, socio-economic, and communicative factors shapes the adoption of IPM among tree-fruit growers in the eastern United States. Applying a diffusion and innovation framework revealed that participants held positive attitudes toward the relative advantages and compatibility of IPM. However, limited opportunities to evaluate new IPM strategies led to negative attitudes toward IPM’s complex application characteristics, coupled with uncertainties regarding policy stability and challenging weather patterns, which may hinder their adoption. These findings pointed to a pressing need for Extension professionals engaged in scientific outreach to move beyond traditional technical training and embrace roles as facilitators of innovation. Enhancing communication channels and systems that boost growers’ confidence trying new IPM strategies will ensure they remain informed about IPM innovations that benefit the industry.