Synergetic anticancer activity of psidium guajava–mediated palladium nanoparticles via apoptosis induction and metastasis suppression in osteosarcoma cells

value of (89.81 ± 0.32 µg/ml) and had a superior cytotoxic effect towards MG-63 cell growth compared to the PGLE (110.65 ± 1.07µg/ml) and PdNPs (198.22 ± 0.24µg/ml) samples. It was shown that (PdNPs-PGLE) increased significantly the % of total apoptotic cells compared to PGLE and PdNPs with higher intensity comet nucleus in treated cells compared to control cells. It is shown that there was an arrest in the S cell cycle phase in MG-63-treated cells. The PdNPs-PGLE had a significant decrease in wound closure % (45.21) compared to control untreated cells (58.78). Furthermore, the PdNPs-PGLE severely suppresses the capacity of MG-63 of colony formation, with a plating efficiency of 0.9% and a surviving fraction of 0.009, compared to control cells. Additionally, the estimation of the expression of protein levels using the ELISA technique revealed that there was an increase in the Bax, cleaved active Caspase-3, and TP53 expression levels with a decrease in the Bcl-2, CDK2, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression in the PdNPs-PGLE-treated cells compared to control cells (p < 0.05) .These findings point out the potential of Psidium guajava-mediated green synthesis not only as an eco-friendly route for nanoparticle fabrication but also as a means to harness phytochemical-nanomaterial synergy.