Internalization of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> into gastric epithelial cells: mechanisms and intervention strategies

OBJECTIVE: internalization and its associated intervention strategies. METHODS: This descriptive review systematically analyzed studies in this field. RESULT: internalization and eradication failure, invasion into non-gastric cancer cells, and the undefined intracellular survival time window of wild-type strains. CONCLUSION: invades gastric epithelial cells via two pathways and evades intracellular immunity through specific toxins. However, knowledge gaps persist. Future research should focus on these gaps and promote the translational application of potential interventions.