Modeling and simulation of magnesium electrodeposition on TiO2 nanotubes for Mg-ion microbattery applications

discharge, incorporating variable nanotube length, mass transport, and reaction kinetics. The simulations demonstrated that nanotube geometry significantly influences current distribution, potentially leading to gap closure and a reduction in active surface area due to non-uniform Mg deposition. Enhanced diffusion coefficients and optimized reaction kinetics facilitated more uniform coverage, whereas deeper nanotubes presented greater challenges for effective ion transport. These findings highlight the critical importance of nano-architectural optimization in the design of high-performance Mg-ion microbatteries.