Rural Drinking-Water Service Continuity under Flood and Landslide Hazards: A GIS Analysis of PAMSIMAS Pipeline Networks

This study aims to assess changes in improved drinking-water access before and after the March 2024 floods and landslides, and map the exposure of Rural Drinking-Water Supply Systems (RDWSS) infrastructure, such as intakes, reservoirs, pipelines, and service connections, to flood and landslide hazards, within the governance context of the Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Programme (PAMSIMAS) and Resilient Village Program (DESTANA)-type disaster preparedness in rural disaster-prone settings. Quantitative descriptive and spatial-analytical methods were applied, using administrative records from the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office (PUTR) of Pesisir Selatan Regency, systematic field observations, verification of service connections, and Global Positioning System (GPS)-based mapping of intakes, reservoirs, and pipelines. These data were combined with flood and landslide-hazard maps in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify infrastructure segments and service areas most exposed to disruption. Before the disaster, improved drinking-water coverage exceeded 94.96% across the three analysed villages, largely due to PAMSIMAS and the Regional Drinking Water Company (RDWC) expansion. After the disaster, coverage fell to 32.30% in Duku and 20.45% in Duku Utara, while Barung-Barung Belantai Tengah retained 76.35%. GIS overlays show that approximately 31.6 km of pipelines lie in landslide-prone zones and about 19.9 km in flood-prone areas, with the most severe failures where intakes and transmission lines cross unstable slopes or river corridors (e.g., Pasar Minggu, Kampung Tanjung, Ranah Talawi, Duku Benteng). These results demonstrate that pipeline-dependent systems are highly vulnerable when alignments, crossings, and intake locations are not planned and protected using hazard information.