Influence of Boron Nitride Nanosheets on the Properties of Gelatin-Chitosan Bioinks for Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting.

, confirming favorable extrusion behavior. Viscoelastic analysis further showed lower tan δ values for high gelatin content formulations, indicating elastic-dominant behavior and improved shape retention at printing temperatures. BNNS incorporation slightly reduced the glass transition temperature by approximately 10°C while preserving blend compatibility, contributing to enhanced thermal responsiveness and more uniform temperature distribution during printing. Printability analysis demonstrated that BNNSs improved shape fidelity in high-viscosity formulations, yielding printability index (Pr) values close to unity (Pr ≈ 0.94) and stable filament formation. Swelling and degradation studies showed that BNNS-containing 7.5% gelatin scaffolds exhibited reduced swelling and retained approximately 70% structural integrity after 14 days, whereas low-polymer formulations underwent rapid degradation. Cell viability assessments confirmed improved fibroblast adhesion and proliferation on BNNS-containing scaffolds. The incorporation of BNNSs improves the rheological and thermal characteristics of the gelatin-chitosan bioinks and positively influences cell response. These findings suggest that BNNS-containing formulations provide a more stable and thermally responsive printing platform.