The phytosterol 24(S)-saringosterol alters lipid homeostasis and inflammatory pathways in a cell-specific manner

BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation and disrupted cholesterol metabolism in microglia are key contributors to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Liver X receptors (LXRα/β) regulate lipid metabolism and inflammation. Synthetic pan-LXR agonists, such as T0901317 and GW3965, exert neuroprotective effects by modulating lipid metabolism, making them promising therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, their clinical use is limited by hepatic side effects, including hypertriglyceridemia and steatosis. PURPOSE: To overcome these limitations, we investigated 24(S)-saringosterol, a phytosterol from Sargassum fusiforme, and its potential dissociating effect as a LXR agonist on myeloid cells vs hepatocytes. METHOD: Using primary cultures of myeloid cells (microglia, bone marrow-derived macrophages) and hepatocytes, we performed transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses to assess the impact of 24(S)-saringosterol on lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways. RESULTS: 24(S)-saringosterol strongly activated LXR-regulated genes, upregulating cholesterol efflux transporter Abca1 in a dose-dependent manner. In myeloid cells, it reduced the expression of interferon-β pathway genes and promoted cholesterol efflux, mirroring GW3965's anti-inflammatory effects. Notably, 24(S)-saringosterol downregulated cholesterol biosynthesis (Dhcr24) and influx (Ldlr) via Srebp2 in both cell types, contrasting with GW3965, which increased lipid synthesis genes via Srebp1. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest 24(S)-saringosterol acts as a selective LXR agonist in a cell-specific manner, retaining beneficial effects while minimizing hepatic risks. This compound represents a promising candidate for AD and other metabolic or inflammatory disorders.