Plastination of biological materials using a vinyl-based polymer as an alternative method for preserving anatomical specimens

The preservation of anatomical specimens is essential for teaching and research, enabling detailed analysis of tissue morphology and structure. Traditional methods such as formaldehyde fixation have been increasingly questioned due to their toxicity and associated health risks. Plastination offers a safer, more durable alternative, producing dry, odorless, permanently preserved specimens. This study evaluated polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) as an innovative, low-cost, and non-toxic polymer for the plastination of biological tissues. Acetic acid and glycerol were tested as additives, using bovine heart and kidney as anatomical models. The samples were characterized by ATR-FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), SEM-EDS, color analysis (CIELab), and histological examination. The optimal formulation consisted of 85% PVAc, 5% glycerol, and 10% acetic acid. Plastinated specimens preserved anatomical integrity and showed slightly darker, more saturated coloration compared to formalin-fixed samples. Thermal analysis indicated improved stability, and characteristic infrared bands confirmed polymer impregnation. Histological results demonstrated preserved cellular and structural organization. Overall, PVAc proved to be a viable, safe, and affordable alternative for plastination, with potential to replace formaldehyde-based methods and reduce environmental and occupational health risks.