MUSCLE (MUSCULUS) NAMES: THEIR LATIN ETYMOLOGY AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

This article comprehensively examines the etymological roots of the Latin names of skeletal muscles in the human body, their historical development from ancient Greek-Roman medicine to the modern Terminologia Anatomica (TA) standard, and their profound importance in clinical medicine. Muscle names are primarily based on criteria such as shape, size, location, direction of fibers, number of heads, attachment points, and the movements they perform. The article provides a detailed analysis of these criteria, numerous specific examples, and discusses the formation of names by ancient scholars (Galen, Vesalius) and subsequent standardization processes (Basle Nomina Anatomica 1895, revisions of Nomina Anatomica, TA 1998 and 2019). The research results indicate that a deep understanding of the etymology of Latin names not only facilitates the acquisition of anatomical knowledge but also ensures accurate diagnosis, operative safety, and effective treatment in the fields of surgery, neurology, traumatology, sports medicine, and rehabilitation. The article serves as a practical guide for medical education and practice.