Sustainable Architectural Master Planning for Ecotourism Development in Mountainous Rural Areas: A Case Study of Pengejaran Village, Bali

Sustainable architectural master planning is increasingly critical in mountainous rural areas where tourism development intersects with fragile ecological systems, productive agricultural landscapes, and culturally embedded spatial practices. Despite the widespread promotion of ecotourism, many rural tourism initiatives lack operational architectural and spatial frameworks capable of balancing environmental protection, community livelihoods, and tourism demand, leading to spatial degradation and economic leakage. This study aims to formulate an integrated architectural and spatial planning framework that strengthens rural resilience by optimising local natural, cultural, and financial assets in Pengejaran Village, a highland settlement in Kintamani District, Bali. The research adopts a design-based research approach within a research and development framework, positioning architectural design as both an analytical and generative instrument. Data were collected through field observation, spatial mapping, stakeholder engagement, and document analysis, and analysed using qualitative spatial methods addressing land use, topography, ecological assets, socio-cultural values, tourism potential, and spatial carrying capacity. The results indicate that Pengejaran Village possesses latent spatial capacity to support ecotourism without compromising environmental integrity. This master plan operationalises sustainability and local wisdom through architecture-led spatial planning strategies.