Enhancing photoelectrochemical catalytic performance of zeolite-Co3O4 composites through optimized ball milling duration

) varied with wavelength, peaking at - 1.62 mA/g at 636 nm and dipping to - 1.55 mA/g at 470 nm, demonstrating significant absorption and effective use of visible light. The incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE%) was evaluated, revealing a peak value of 4.98% at 390 nm and a minimum of 3.16% at 636 nm. The applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE%) analysis demonstrated a maximum efficiency of 0.098% at 636 nm with an applied potential of 0.56 V vs. RHE. Photoelectrochemical measurements demonstrate that the catalyst with the longest ball milling duration exhibits the highest photocurrent density and hydrogen evolution rate, confirming the catalyst's effective charge carrier separation and transport, contributing to enhanced solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion, and indicating its superior performance in PEC water splitting.