Critical Evaluation of Analytical Strategies for the Quantification of Procaine and Its Metabolites Across Diverse Matrices

hydrolysis due to rapid analysis and minimal sample handling time. Spectroscopic assays are suitable for high-throughput pharmaceutical and environmental screening, but their applicability is limited by drug instability and cross-reactivity. Given the relative scarcity of chromatographic studies on PC despite its instability-driven analytical complexity, future work should prioritize stabilization-coupled LC-MS/MS and next-generation electrochemical platforms, together with green, miniaturized workflows and AI-assisted optimization, to enable robust, high-confidence quantification of PC in real-world matrices.