Measuring mental well-being at the population level: evidence for extending the short Warwick–-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale with single-item indicators

Abstract Aim National-level monitoring of mental well-being is increasingly important, but existing measures vary widely, hindering comparability. This study aimed to identify a suitable multicomponent measure for regular nationwide surveillance and cross-national comparability by incorporating recommendations on measuring well-being. Subject and methods We surveyed 2614 participants, balanced across age (18–74 years), sex, and education, to explore the added value of combining the seven-item Short Warwick–Edinburgh Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS) with three widely used single-item measures of mental well-being (happiness, life satisfaction, and meaning of life). These reflect hedonia, eudaimonia, and interpersonal well-being. We also examined the factor structure of this composite measure. Results The analysis confirmed a three-factor structure for SWEMWBS and suggested a fourth factor combining the three single items, with a higher-order general well-being factor. The results supported the use of a composite score for mental well-being, as well as separate analyses of hedonic and eudaimonic components. Meaning of life had the highest added value, indicating potential distinctiveness. Conclusion This study demonstrates that a comprehensive, yet economical, measure of mental well-being can be applied to large-scale assessments. Combining SWEMWBS with the three common single-item measures enhances comparability while providing a more nuanced understanding of well-being. The results supported the use of a composite score for mental well-being, as well as separate analyses of hedonic and eudaimonic components, which is particularly relevant for routine public health surveillance. Regular public surveillance of mental well-being can inform public health strategies and track changes over time.