High-resolution multi-omics enhances prediction and detection of smORF-encoded proteins in the human gut microbiome
Small open reading frames (smORFs), which encode proteins under 100 amino acids, represent an underexplored dimension of the human gut microbiome, despite growing evidence of their essential biological roles. Due to small size and poor annotation, smORFs are typically excluded from metagenomic/metaproteomic analyses. Here, we present a high-resolution multi-omic workflow that integrates smORF prediction into metaproteome searches and enables ultra-deep detection of smORF-encoded proteins (SEPs), without experimental size-based enrichment, utilizing state-of-the-art mass spectrometry instrumentation. Applied to human gut microbiomes, this approach resulted in the largest number of detected SEPs to date, allowing identification of over 25,000 SEPs in the metaproteome, alongside the measurements of the larger proteins. Our multi-omics integrative strategy is critical for advancing human metaproteome research. It also provides a generalizable strategy for comprehensive SEP discovery across diverse microbial ecosystems greatly expanding the previously hidden proteomic landscape.
Authors
- Robert L. Hettich (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7708-786X)
- Oskar Hickl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9959-8767)
- Rashi Halder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1402-1254)
- Steven Tavis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0497-2873)
- Etienne Hanslian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8683-5011)
- Sebastian Schade (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-6804)
- Jochen Schneider (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0300-0159)
- Júlia Ortís Sunyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2714-7067)
- Nico Steckhan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0245-2046)
- Tuesday Lowndes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5273-7807)
- Anika Rajput-Khokhar
- Megan E. Davin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4938-5952)
- Zainab Zafar
- Jordan Caussin
- Daniela A. Koppold
- Patrick May (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8698-3770)
- Luis F. Delgado
- Andreas Michalsen
- Paul Wilmes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6478-2924)
- Cédric C. Laczny (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1100-1282)
- Brit Mollenhauer
Institutions
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US)
- Hasso Plattner Institute (DE)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LU)
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- Paracelsus Elena Klinik Kassel (DE)
- Immanuel Krankenhaus (DE)
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Saarland University (DE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2026-05-09
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72762-5
- Primary Topic
- Gut microbiota and health
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00