Daidzein: A Multifunctional Isoflavone for Therapeutic Application and Innovation in Drug Delivery Systems

A substance that comes from a living thing and is found in nature is called a natural product. Daidzein, a member of the isoflavone group with the IUPAC name 7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) chromen-4-one, is derived from soybeans and other legumes in either glycoside or aglycone form. Its main chemical components are metabolites produced by gut bacteria, such as trihydroxy isoflavone and equol. Daidzein has proven to have pharmacological effects on various conditions, including cancer diseases, diabetic ailments, cardiovascular ailments, osteoporosis ailments, skin ailments, and neurological ailments. Daidzein is recognized to treat various diseases by acting as an estrogen agonist or antagonist, having direct inflammation-reducing and antioxidant activities, and regulating the cell cycle and apoptotic pathways. In its structural composition and physiological functions, it is classified as a phytoestrogen, a plant-derived compound structurally and functionally analogous to human estrogens, which have been extensively implicated in cancer prevention, bone health maintenance, and the mitigation of various illnesses in postmenopausal women. Therefore, it is good to be developed as a phytopharmaceutical. Emerging strategies for improving Daidzein's solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery involve the use of various advanced systems, including polymeric nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, nano complexes, polymeric micelles, polymer-lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, liposomes, nanosuspensions, and self-microemulsifying systems for delivering drugs. Since Daidzein is already taken daily in varied dosages, there should not be a serious safety concern; however the dosage for each indication must be distinct.