Programmable DNA Logic Systems for Applications in Biomedicine

DNA has emerged as a versatile molecular engineering material owing to its predictable base-pairing rules, structural programmability, and excellent biocompatibility. Programmable DNA logic systems capable of integrating diverse biological signals and execute predefined logical operations, bridging molecular computing with biomedical applications. In this review, we summarize recent advances in programmable DNA reaction and logic systems for biomedical applications. We first introduce DNA logic gates responsive to diverse biomolecular and physiological inputs, followed by cascaded DNA reaction circuits and molecular classifiers for amplified signal processing and precision diagnosis. We then discuss DNA nanostructures and intelligent nanomachines that integrate sensing, computation and actuation for therapeutic regulation. Finally, we outline current challenges and future opportunities toward the development of DNA-based intelligent biomedical systems.