Systematic Review of Digital-Age Learning Strategies in Physical Education: Opportunities, Challenges, and Practical Implications

This systematic review synthesizes digital-age instructional strategies in physical education (PE). A protocol following PRISMA 2020 guided a May 2025 search with predefined keywords, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and multi-stage screening. Thirty studies met eligibility and were analyzed thematically. Flipped and blended models consistently improved engagement and concept mastery; AR/VR, wearables, and gamification enhanced interactivity and feedback, with effects moderated by teacher readiness and infrastructure. Common barriers included limited connectivity, uneven device access, and gaps in digital pedagogy. The review integrates TPACK and SAMR to explain why particular strategies succeed or stall, and organizes evidence into four actionable themes: student participation, teacher competence, infrastructure, and motivation. We conclude that effective digital PE requires purposeful technology–pedagogy fit, targeted professional development, and enabling school/policy support. Implications are offered for teachers, schools, and policymakers.